fix(sec): keep the market-cap fallback through an amendment merge

Found in review. _merge_amendments rebuilds a period from _MERGED_FIELDS +
_CARRIED_FIELDS alone, so a column in neither list is absent from the merged
row, not just stale — and callers read it with getattr(..., None), which
silently yields None. weighted_avg_diluted_shares was never added when the
market-cap fallback landed (_SNAPSHOT_COLS in the importer was updated, its
counterpart in the derivation was not).

The failure needed both of this branch's fixes at once: a multi-class issuer
with a partial amendment on its latest period (META with a Part-III-only
10-K/A) would silently lose market cap and FCF yield again.

Adds the field, a regression test for that case, and a guard test asserting
the merge/carry lists cover every SnapshotRow field, so the next column added
fails loudly rather than losing data quietly. Confirmed the guard catches the
original bug.

Also from review:
- Expose pe_caveat in the valuation payload, so a P/E suppressed by split
  contamination says why instead of looking like missing data (the caveat was
  set but never read).
- no_xbrl_filings now names both causes; the old text advised pinning a CIK
  override, which is wrong for a genuine new registrant that simply has not
  filed yet and clears itself.
- Document that fiscalYearEnd is the issuer's current calendar, so a fiscal-
  year-end change degrades old periods (fallback/newest-wins), not current ones.
- Parser-level tests for _select_weighted_avg_shares (shortest-span-wins and
  concept priority), which only had derivation-level coverage.

823 unit tests pass.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

app/services/fundamentals_derivation.py

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ _FLOW_FIELDS = (
 _MERGED_FIELDS = (
     *_FLOW_FIELDS,
     "cash_and_st_investments", "total_debt", "shares_outstanding",
-    "shares_outstanding_date",
+    "shares_outstanding_date", "weighted_avg_diluted_shares",
     # period_start is set alongside revenue by the parser, so it follows the same
     # fallback: a bare amendment reports neither and must not blank it.
     "period_start",